Pleural Diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the pleura—the thin, double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs. These conditions may include pleural effusion (fluid around the lungs), pneumothorax (air in the pleural space), pleuritis (inflammation of the pleura), and pleural thickening. Pleural diseases often cause symptoms such as sharp chest pain, shortness of breath, dry cough, and discomfort during breathing. They can result from infections, trauma, lung diseases, heart failure, or cancer. Early evaluation with chest X-ray, ultrasound, and CT scans helps identify the cause, and timely treatment can relieve symptoms and prevent complications.